Referinte în literatura

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  • In Albert Camus' essay The Rebel, Heathcliff is compared to a leader of the rebel forces. Both are driven by a sort of madness: one by misguided love, the other by oppression. Camus juxtaposes the concept of Heathcliff's reaction to Catherine with the reaction of a disenchanted rebel to the ideal he once held.
  • Maryse Condé
  's novel Windward Heights adapted Wuthering Heights to be set in Guadaloupe and Cuba.
  • Sylvia Plath
   and Ted Hughes both have poems titled "Wuthering Heights."
  • Anne Carson
   wrote a poem titled "The Glass Essay" in which are woven multiple references to Wuthering Heights and the life of Emily Brontë.
  • James Stoddard
  's novel The False House contains numerous references to Wuthering Heights.
  • In the novel H: The Story of Heathcliff's Journey Back to Wuthering Heights, Lin Haire-Sargeant tells the story of how Heathcliff discovers he is the son and heir of Edward Fairfax Rochester and Bertha Mason (Jane Eyre).
  • Jasper Fforde
  's Thursday Next novels often mention Heathcliff as the most tragic romantic hero. In Fforde's book The Well of Lost Plots, it is revealed that all the characters of Wuthering Heights are required to attend group anger management sessions.
  • In Heathcliff and the Great Hunger (1995), Terry Eagleton proposes that Heathcliff was actually a refugee from the great Irish potato famine.
  • In the preface of his novel Le bleu du ciel, French writer Georges Bataille states that, in his view, Wuthering Heights belongs to those rare works in literature written from an inner necessity.
  • Alice Hoffman
  's Here On Earth is a modern version of Wuthering Heights.^[1]
  • The novel Glennkill by German writer Leonie Swann, published in 2005, is in some way centred on Emily Brontë's novel, which is perhaps the main reason it is set in Ireland.^{[citation needed]} The book, as revealed in the last pages, is being read to the sheep by the shepherd's daughter, and in a strange and dreamy way helps the main character of the novel, a sheep-detective called Miss Maple, to guess the identity of the murderer.
  • In Diane Setterfield's novel The Thirteenth Tale, Wuthering Heights is frequently mentioned. The relationship between Charlie and Isabelle Angelfield parallels that of Heathcliff and Catherine in many ways.
  • Michel Houellebecq
  's debut novel Extension du domaine de la lutte briefly mentions Wuthering Heights -- "We're a long way from Wuthering Heights" -- arguing that as human relations progressively fade away, such tales of stormy passion are no longer possible.^[2]
  • Cara Lockwood
  's Wuthering High is centred on a boarding school that is haunted by dead classic writers, Emily Brontë among them. Her novel is mentioned several times, and even her characters make appearances.
  • Mizuki Nomura's second book in the Bungaku shoujo series, "Bungaku shoujo" to Uekawaku Ghost (published in 2006), refers to and draws from Wuthering Heights heavily.
  • Japanese novelist Minae Mizumura's third and most recent work, A Real Novel, 2002, is a retelling of Wuthering Heights in postwar Japan, featuring a half-Chinese, half-Japanese Heathcliff and an even more problematic Nelly. It re-enacts the history of modern Japanese literature by absorbing and transforming the Western classic into the Japanese literary context.
  • Afghan novelist Khaled Hosseini's debut novel, The Kite Runner, included Wuthering Heights when Amir asks Soraya what book she is reading. Soraya replies, "it is a sad story."
  • In Stephenie Meyer's novel Twilight, Bella Swan reads Wuthering Heights. In the sequel, Eclipse, several direct quotes from Wuthering Heights are used to purportedly compare Bella's relationships with Edward Cullen and Jacob Black to Catherine's relationships with Heathcliff and Edgar.
  • In Kiran Desai's second novel, The Inheritance of Loss, Sai reads Wuthering Heights several times during the Ghurkha insurgency.
  • In the book by Australian author Markus Zusak, I Am the Messenger, Ed, the main character, reads Wuthering Heights to the old lady in one of his tasks.
  • In the manga and anime series called Aoi Hana one of the main characters plays the role of Heathcliff in a school drama festival.
  • Chapter 3 in the book Special Topics in Calamity Physics by the American Author Marisha Pessl.
  • In an interview about his novel The Sound and the Fury, William Faulkner refers to the character Caddy as "my heart's darling," a phrase which Heathcliff uses to describe Catherine Earnshaw.
  • In the manga series called Glass Mask, where the main character Maya plays Catherine in a professional theatre play.
  • in V.C Andrews' novel "flowers in the attic", Cathy Dollanganger was reading Wuthering Heights.

Recenzii

Early reviews of Wuthering Heights were mixed in their assessment. Whilst most critics recognised the power and imagination of the novel, many found the story unlikeable and ambiguous. Released in 1847, at a time when the background of the author was deemed to have an important impact on the story itself, many critics were also intrigued by the authorship of the novels. H. F. Chorley of the Athenaeum said that it was a "disagreeable story" and that the 'Bells' (Brontës) "seem to affect painful and exceptional subjects".

The Atlas review called it a "strange, inartistic story", but commented that every chapter seems to contain a "sort of rugged power". Summarising the novel: "We know nothing in the whole range of our fictitious literature which presents such shocking pictures of the worst forms of humanity. There is not in the entire dramatis persona, a single character which is not utterly hateful or thoroughly contemptible ... Even the female characters excite something of loathing and much of contempt. Beautiful and loveable in their childhood, they all, to use a vulgar expression, "turn out badly".

The Graham's Lady Magazine critique bluntly stated "How a human being could have attempted such a book as the present without committing suicide before he had finished a dozen chapters, is a mystery. It is a compound of vulgar depravity and unnatural horrors".

Paterson's Magazine "We rise from the perusal of Wuthering Heights as if we had come fresh from a pest-house. Read Jane Eyre is our advice, but burn Wuthering Heights".

The Douglas Jerrold's Weekly Newspaper critique was more positive, yet still shocked at the novel's raw depictions, noting "In Wuthering Heights the reader is shocked, disgusted, almost sickened by details of cruelty, inhumanity, and the most diabolical hate and vengeance, and anon come passages of powerful testimony to the supreme power of love—even over demons in the human form. The women in the book are of a strange fiendish-angelic nature, tantalising, and terrible, and the men are indescribable out of the book itself". However the review also emphasized the "great power" of the novel and its provocative qualities; it said that it was a "strange sort of book—baffling all regular criticism" and that "[it is] impossible to lay it aside afterwards and say nothing about it". Although the Examiner agreed on the strangeness, it saw the book as "wild, confused; disjointed and improbable". The Britannia review mirrored those comments made on the unpleasant characters, arguing that it would have been a "far better romance" if the characters were not "nearly as violent and destructive as [Heathcliff]". The unidentified review was less critical, considering it a "work of great ability" and that "it is not every day that so good a novel makes its appearance".

Traducerea:

Critici timpurii ale cărții „La răscruce de vânturi” au fost amestecate în aprecierea lor. În timp ce majoritatea criticilor au recunoscut puterea și imaginația romanului, mulți au găsit povestea greu de suportat și ambiguă. Apărută în 1847, într-un timp când trecutul autoarei a fost considerat ca având un important impact asupra poveștii însăși, mulți critici au fost de asemenea intrigați de profesiunea de scriitor ( în text - authorship = un scriitor care urmărește câștiguri bănești ) al romanelor. H.F.Chorley, în „Athanaeum”, a spus că este o „poveste neplăcută” și că „Bells” (surorile Brontë) „par să afișeze dureroase și excepționale subiecte”.

Recenzia „Atlas” a numit-o o „ciudată, făcută fără artă poveste”, dar a comentată că fiecare capitol pare să conțină un fel de „putere aspră”. Rezumând romanul: „Nu știm nimic din marea categorie a literaturii fictive care să prezinte niște imagini atât de șocante ale celor mai rele forme ale umanității. Nu este în întreaga distribuție, un singur caracter care nu este complet răuvoitor sau cu totul de disprețuit ... Chiar și personajele feminine stârnesc ceva potrivnic și multă sfidare. Frumoase și atrăgătoare în copilărie, ele toate, pentru a folosi un limbaj vulgar, se înrăiesc (în text : „turn out badly”).

Critica revistei „Graham's Lady” a declarat pe față „Cum o ființă umană a încercat o asemenea carte despre prezent fără să se sinucidă înainte să termine o duzină de capitole, este un mister. Este un amestec de depravare vulgară și terori nenaturale”.

Revista „Paterson's”: „Noi creștem din citirea atentă a cărții <<La răscruce de vânturi>> ca și cum am fi venit proaspeți dintr-un spital pentru ciumați. Citiți <<Jane Eyre>> este sfatul nostru, dar ardeți <<La răscruce de vânturi>>”.

Critica ziarului săptămânal „Douglas Jerrold's” a fost mai pozitivă, dar tot șocată de descrierea brută a cărții, adăugând „În <<La răscruce de vânturi>> cititorul este șocat, dezgustat, aproape bolnav de detaliile cruzimii, inumanității și cea mai diabolică ură și răzbunare și fără întârziere vin pasaje de puternică declarație a puterii supreme a dragostei - chiar peste demoni într-o formă umană. Femeile din carte sunt de o ciudată drăcească și angelică natură, ademenitoare și teribile, iar bărbații nu pot fi descriși nici din cartea însăși.” Cu toate acestea, recenzia a accentuat „marea putere” a romanului și calitatea stimulentă, spune că este „un tip ciudat de carte - derutând toate criticile obișnuite” și că „este imposibil să o așezi lângă fără să spui ceva despre ea”.

Sursa: Wikipedia

Documentar despre moartea lui Emily Brontë

Pentru cei care știu engleză, este un documentar foarte interesant, ce le privește pe toate cele trei surori deopotrivă.